Browsing by Subject "Ethics, Research"
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Item Alternatives to whistleblowing, or how to intervene effectively and still have a career and life afterwards(2013-09-10) Sieber, Joan E.We have learned that scientific misbehavior (that is, any scientific conduct that causes the scientific record to be inaccurate, not just plagiarism, falsification and fabrication), is very widespread and that persons who report such misbehavior on the part of their colleagues are likely to suffer serious consequences. In-depth interviews of 135 NIH Principal Investigators who have witnessed research wrongdoing illustrates the ineffectiveness of direct confrontation or reporting of wrong-doers, but illustrates effective ways to stop them in their tracks. Although persons who engage research wrong-doing may not have in mind to reform, they are concerned to save face and can often be shamed into behaving properly. Wise and responsible mentoring that involves providing evocative stories about how to effectively shame miscreants is likely to be more effective than reciting rules of proper research conduct. Examples are provided.Item Biomedical technologies and human dignity(2016-03-08) Melo-Martín, Inmaculada deCurrent biomedical advancements are presenting us with difficult moral and policy decisions. Indeed, from questions about the morality of cloning human embryos, to concerns about human genetic modifications, to worries about chimera research, biomedical science and technology is inextricably tied to moral responsibilities and public policy concerns. Scholars and institutions struggle to evaluate these technologies in ways that attend to both the moral difficulties they raise and the promises they offer. Despite criticism that the concept of human dignity is vague, several national and international bodies and a number of scholars have argued that human dignity is a useful criterion to determine the permissibility of particular biomedical technologies. Here, I explore the meanings of this concept, examine the ways in which biomedical technologies can be said to threaten human dignity, and evaluate whether and under which conditions this concept can serve as a meaningful criterion for public policy.Item Conflicts of interest in clinical research: lessons from the Minnesota Markingson case(2015-09-08) Brown, E. Sherwood; Reisch, Joan S.; Sadler, John Z.; Wright, J. GregoryThe nationally-publicized Markingson case from the University of Minnesota involved a tragic suicide in the context of a university-based, industry-sponsored clinical trial. A panel of UT Southwestern faculty and staff consider the lessons emerging from the Markingson case, identify areas of risk and opportunities for prevention, and map the multiple layers of policy and practice that could prevent such events in the future.Item Corruption in clinical research: what is it? -- and why it matters(2019-12-10) Sadler, John Z.Despite the seriousness of charging corruption in clinical research, the literature offers little about what corruption means in this setting. This lecture presents a technical/formal definition of 'corruption' in clinical research. I then present examples from the literature which illustrate clear-cut corruption, maybe cases, and non-corrupt deviations from good clinical research practices. I discuss clinical implications about evaluating clinical research quality as well as what corruption means for our evidence base of practice.Item How the health and rights framework evolved and how that affects clinical research(2020-01-14) Inrig, StephenWhile the World Health Organization's (WHO) constitution defined "the highest attainable standard of health" as "a fundamental right of every human being" as early as 1946, it was not until the late 1980s, amidst the AIDS pandemic, that WHO representatives developed the "Health and Human Rights Framework" as a lens through which to understand and address inequalities in the global burden of disease. While the concept itself met with broad and rapid approval, several factors made it difficult to operationalize in health delivery. Beginning in the early 2000s, however, practitioners have made important strides in operationalizing these concepts in ways that have positively influenced local and global health delivery. This talk explores the development of "health and human rights" concepts over time, giving particular attention to the implications they have on drug research, clinical research ethics, the pharmaceutical industry, and the right to access medicines.Item International perspectives on research ethics and scientific integrity: at home and abroad(2013-12-10) Heitman, ElizabethThe globalization of biomedical science has transformed collaboration in laboratory and clinical research and raised new challenges for US researchers' understanding of research ethics and scientific integrity. There are few universally accepted standards of responsible research practice and almost no worldwide regulation or oversight bodies governing research collaboration across national borders. Although English is widely used as the international language of biomedical science, the practical vocabulary of research integrity can still vary markedly among countries and cultures. This presentation will examine the growing diversity of research collaborations at home and abroad, the ethical questions that such collaborations may face, and recent efforts to define international practice standards and ethical norms for research in global health and biomedical science.Item The moral and societal responsibilities of biologists during times of revolution(2018-03-13) Relman, David A.[Note: The slides are not available from this event.] Advances in the life sciences in the 21st century have the potential to greatly improve the health of humans, animals, plants, and the environment around the globe. While the overwhelming majority of outcomes are beneficial, a small number of discoveries and capabilities pose unusual risks for misuse and widespread harm. New methods and approaches for modifying genomes, selecting new pheontypes, and disseminating new genetic constructs provide cogent examples of benefits and risks. There are several critical but challenging questions that need to be discussed across the international communities of scientists and policy-makers: Are there now experiments in the life sciences that ought not to be undertaken or need greater scrutiny because of unusual associated risks? What should the process by which a consensus is reached about the identification and management of such work? What are the moral and ethical responsibilities of life scientists? What kinds of governance approaches might be most effective for risk mitigation? Despite the challenges, these conversations provide important opportunities for collaboration and partnership across disciplinary, policy community, and international boundaries that ought to be pursued.Item Open access medical journals: promise, perils and pitfalls(2020-03-10) Iserson, Kenneth V.The number of both print and open access (OA) journals has increased dramatically. Although electronic availability of information on the Internet offers great potential for information sharing, it also gives rise to "predatory" journals and deceptive publishers that target naïve academic authors with false promises of easily fulfilling their "publish or perish" obligation. Legitimate and respected OA journals also exist. This talk will focus on the potential professional and ethical perils of publishing in "predatory" journals, as well as the opportunities and barriers associated with publishing in legitimate OA journals. Although it is difficult to distinguish between the two types of OA journals, I will suggest methods to help identify those that may not be legitimate. Unfortunately, this is not a simple task; there is no shortcut. Rather, it takes some effort -- on the part of authors, mentors, colleagues, professional organizations, and librarians -- and possibly IRBs and bioethics committees.Item Putting the demos in democratic deliberation: the search for public opinion about the ethical use of biospecimens [a meditation in three acts](2022-02-08) De Vries, Raymond G.The creation of sustainable and ethical policies in health care and the life sciences requires soliciting and incorporating the attitudes and opinions of the "public," a difficult task that is even more challenging in a political polarized society and when the policies in question are explicitly normative. Using research on public attitudes about the use of their biospecimens and health data, we will look at various methods used to solicit those attitudes and consider the strengths and limitations of those approaches. We will reflect on the value of empirical data for resolving normative questions (in other words, the age-old is/ought problem) and think together about better ways to incorporate the opinions of the demos in health policy.