Browsing by Subject "Small Molecule Libraries"
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Item Context-Selective Support of the AKT/mTOR Regulatory Axis by Tank-Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1)(2016-11-28) Cooper, Jonathan Mark; Brugarolas, James B.; Cobb, Melanie H.; Brekken, Rolf A.; White, Michael A.Oncogenic mutation of Ras or Ras effector signaling characterizes roughly thirty percent of all cancers. Persistent obstacles to the treatment of these diseases by direct Ras inhibition prompt alternative strategies aimed at leveraging signaling networks downstream of Ras. Tank-Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) is downstream of the RalGEF/RalB arm of Ras effector signaling and supports Ras-driven oncogenic transformation via direct regulation of AKT. While TBK1 has been nominated as a therapeutic target, the field lacks knowledge of the mechanisms whereby TBK1 inhibitors mediate lethality and of the preferential context(s) for their application. We therefore leveraged toxicity profiles for TBK1 inhibitors in 100 NSCLC cell lines and identified robust correlation between TBK1 inhibitors and a cadre of mTOR direct and upstream regulatory network signaling inhibitors. This observation, along with orthogonal phosphoproteomics data, suggested an intersection exists between TBK1 and mTOR regulation and mechanistic target space. We identified that TBK1 is required for AKT/mTOR activation during the nutrient starved-to-fed state transition. Furthermore, we established that TBK1 physically intersects with the AKT/mTOR regulatory axis signaling at multiple nodes and can follow permissive and instructive mechanistic routes to regulate mTORC1 activation in response to nutrients. In parallel, we utilized a bioinformatics approach to identify that "Ras-mutant/mesenchymal" status serves as a molecular indicator of TBK1 inhibitor sensitivity in NSCLC. Concordantly, signaling through the AKT/mTOR regulatory axis was acutely attenuated by TBK1 inhibition in Ras-mutant/mesenchymal but remained unresponsive in Ras-mutant/epithelial NSCLC, indicating TBK1-resistant NSCLC may have uncoupled AKT/mTOR signaling from substantive TBK1 regulation. We furthermore demonstrated that TBK1 inhibition synergizes with Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta)-mediated induction of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to reduce cancer cell viability. Together, these observations suggest that TBK1 supports pro-survival signaling downstream of Ras and EMT/TGF-beta signaling through the AKT/mTOR regulatory axis. Our findings, therefore, reveal novel mechanistic contributions of TBK1 in the regulation of AKT/mTOR signaling, and also nominate Ras-mutant/mesenchymal NSCLC as the preferential context for therapeutic interventions targeting TBK1.Item One-Pot Measurement of the Kinetic Parameters KI, kinact, and Time-Dependent IC₅₀ for Analysis of Covalent Small Molecule Kinase Inhibitors(2016-01-19) Montalvo, Steven K.; Mondi, Anuja; Westover, Kenneth D.To address the need for the analysis of covalent kinase inhibitors in a high-throughput method, we established a protocol for the facile measurement of kinact and KI utilizing a proprietary off-chip mobility shift assay supplied by PerkinElmer. With this electrophoretic technique, these kinetic parameters, which describe covalent inhibitors better than IC50 measurements, are accurately and reproducibly measured. As a proof of concept measurement, an inhibitor of BMX, compound BMX-IN-1, was shown to have a kinact = 0.0298 ± 0.0024 min-1 and a KI = 0.134 ± 0.021 uM. The industry standard for reporting is kinact/KI and was calculated to be 0.222 ± 0.039 uM-1min-1. To direct medicinal chemists optimizing parameters of covalent inhibitors, simulations of the equations used to fit progress curves were performed in MatLab. These revealed the compelling argument to pursue improved KI before kinact and are discussed further. In addition, some limitations of our assay are presented.