Browsing by Subject "Virus Activation"

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Characterization of the Interactions Between Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF57 and Its RNA Partners
(2014-07-30) Sei, Emi; Corey, David R.; D'Orso, Iván; Fontoura, Beatriz; Conrad, Nicholas
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; HHV-8) is a human gammaherpesvirus and the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), the most common AIDS-associated malignancy. Like all herpesviruses, KSHV has evolved mechanisms to modulate both host and viral gene expression. The essential and multifunctional KSHV ORF57 protein has been reported to enhance viral gene expression at multiple levels including transcription, splicing, mRNA export, RNA stability, and translation. At least in some cases, direct interactions between ORF57 and its target RNAs are necessary for ORF57-mediated upregulation of viral gene expression. The work highlighted in this document reveals our current efforts to study the elements driving ORF57's binding specificity. We started by studying a known ORF57 target: the KSHV polyadenylated nuclear (PAN) RNA, a nuclear non-coding transcript of unknown function that is highly expressed during lytic stage. We first devised an in vitro binding assay to identify the regions in PAN RNA that were bound by ORF57. These PAN RNA fragments were also inserted into the 3' UTR of an intronless β-globin reporter to test ORF57 responsiveness in vivo. Our analyses revealed an ORF57 responsive element (ORE) at the 5' end of PAN RNA that we hypothesize functions as a high-affinity binding site to recruit ORF57. Next, we optimized the high-throughput sequencing of RNAs isolated by crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (HITS-CLIP) protocol to identify novel host and viral targets of ORF57 in the context of viral infection. Bioinformatic analysis of potential host ORF57 targets reveals that ORF57 binding is enriched near the 5' end of the transcripts and often close to the first exon-intron junction. Preferential binding at the 5' end is also seen for PAN RNA. However, our data suggests that ORF57 binding to other viral genes can be promiscuous and that, in some cases, binding can occur at multiple sites across the target RNAs. Through these studies, we hope to provide further insight into the requirements for ORF57 binding and potentially shed light into the mechanisms controlling gene expression of this oncogenic virus.
Key Role of Lys63-Linked Polyubiquitination in Viral Activation of IRF3
(2009-06-19) Zeng, Wenwen; Chen, Zhijian J.
Viral nucleic acids exposed during invasion and proliferation are detected by mammalian cells through receptors belonging to pattern-recognition receptors family (PRRs). Among PRRs, RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), including RIG-I, MDA5 and LGP2, are responsible for sensing intracellular viral RNAs. MAVS, a mitochondria-localized transmembrane protein, transduces signaling from RIG-I and MDA5 to activate downstream transcription factors IRF3 and NF-kB, which contribute to the induction of IFNb. Despite growing list of components revealed in RIG-I/MAVS/IRF3 pathway, molecular mechanism by which MAVS activates IRF3 upon viral infection has remained largely unclear. In current study, employing a cell-free system together with conventional fractionation procedures, Ubc5 was identified as a specific ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) involved in IRF3 activation. Taking advantages of inducible-RNAi strategy, catalytically active Ubc5 was shown to be essential for viral activation of IRF3. Furthermore, evidences were obtained indicating that Lys63-linked polyubiquitination played a key role in MAVS-mediated IRF3 activation both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, NEMO was demonstrated to function as a ubiquitin-chain adaptor recruiting and activating TBK1, the kinase for IRF3 phosphorylation. Those results offered insights into the mechanism underlying IRF3 activation mediated by K63-linked polyubiquitination.